Worst Winters of All Time



As summer slowly approaches its inevitable end, thoughts of winter have started to creep into our minds. The last two winters seemed particularly harsh, and questions were often asked as to their historic status as well as whether another bad winter was on the way. Ask any older person in Ohio, and the winters between 1976 and 1979 will often come up. But do they really deserve their reputations? To find out, I came up with a ranking system for meteorological winter only- December through February0- to rank the worst winters of all time. Here was the criteria:

Temperature: # of 32 or Below Highs, # of 32 or Below Lows, # of 0 or Below Highs, # of 0 or Below Lows: Each earned the winter a point for each day that featured these conditions.
# of 60 or Above Highs and # of 50 or Above Lows meant a point was removed for each occurrence.

Precipitation: # of Days with Measurable Snowfall, # of 1″+ Snow Days, # of 2.5″+ Snow Days, # of 5″+ Snow Days, # of 10″+ Snow Days as well as # of Measurable Precipitation Days all counted as 1 point for each occurrence.

I then added the temperature and precipitation points together to come up with a ranking for how miserable each winter really was.

Here are the 30 worst winters of all time and their total points.
1. 1976-1977: 240
2. 1977-1978: 238
3. 1969-1970: 230
4. 2002-2003: 228
5. 1978-1979: 226
6. 1880-1881: 225
7. 1917-1918: 223
8. 1935-1936: 220
9. 2013-2014: 219
10. 1892-1893, 1962-1963: 218
11. 1909-1910: 217
12. 1995-1996, 2009-2010: 208
13. 2010-2011: 207
14. 1903-1904: 204
15. 1981-1982: 202
16. 1911-1912, 1963-1964: 197
17. 1886-1887, 1919-1920: 196
18. 1904-1905: 195
19. 1984-1985: 194
20. 1916-1917: 193
21. 1894-1895: 191
22. 1883-1884: 189
23. 2000-2001: 188
24. 1947-1948, 1961-1962: 187
25. 1993-1994: 186
26. 1884-1885, 1939-1940: 185
27. 1983-1984, 1987-1988: 183
28. 1902-1903, 2014-2015: 182
29. 1954-1955: 180
30. 1878-1879, 1882-1883, 1960-1961, 1985-1986, 2003-2004, 2008-2009: 179

Do any of these surprise you? Both 2013-2014 and 2014-2015 are in the top 30 worst, but only 2013-2014 is in the top 10. In fact, other recent winters like 2000-2001, 2002-2003, 2009-2010 and 2010-2011 are all ranked worse than last winter. There have been a surprising number of recent winters in the top 30, however. There have been 8 total since 2000. No other similar time frame has produced as many.

And here are the 30 best winters (if you like warm, snowless, dry winters, that is).
1. 1931-1932: 74
2. 1889-1890: 75
3. 1879-1880: 86
4. 1997-1998: 102
5. 1881-1882, 1943-1944: 111
6. 2001-2002: 112
7. 1996-1997: 115
8. 1948-1949, 1953-1954: 118
9. 1941-1942, 1982-1983: 120
10. 1918-1919: 122
11. 1936-1937: 123
12. 1932-1933, 1991-1992: 124
13. 1930-1931: 125
14. 1905-1906, 1972-1973: 126
15. 1949-1950: 128
16. 1897-1898, 1986-1987: 129
17. 2011-2012: 130
18. 1938-1939: 131
19. 1937-1938: 134
20. 1908-1909, 1920-1921, 2005-2006: 135
21. 1924-1925: 137
22. 1896-1897: 138
23. 1927-1928, 1929-1930, 1940-1941, 1990-1991: 139
24. 1952-1953: 140
25. 1921-1922, 1945-1946, 1998-1999: 141
26. 1988-1989: 143
27. 1891-1892: 144
28. 1946-1947, 1971-1972: 145
29. 1912-1913, 1934-1935: 147
30. 1923-1924, 1992-1993: 148

Look how many of the warmest/least snowy occur between 1920 and 1945. Historically, this period had the fewest number of cold and/or snowy winters on record of any such 25-year period.

And what about winter 2015-2016? Well, that remains to be seen. However, the developing strong El Nino suggests a warmer than average winter. However, factors such as its position (west or east-based) as well as the PDO could throw some wrenches into that standard El Nino forecast. Either way, it will likely not be a top 30 worst.

Summer of Rain 2015

Summer of rain

This summer has been wet… very wet. Rain has fallen on far more days than not, and cloud cover has hung thick and heavy in what are historically much sunnier months. To top it all off, temperatures have been somewhat below normal.

How wet has the Summer of Rain 2015 been up through today? Meteorological summer runs June 1st-August 31st, and today makes the midpoint of that period, so I thought it would be a good time to check in and answer that question.

Here are the top 10 wettest summers through yesterday.
1. 1958: 12.54″
2. 2008: 11.68″
3. 1990: 10.93″
4. 2015: 10.66″
5. 1949: 10.40″
6. 1973: 10.23″
7. 1917: 10.06″
8. 1928: 10.02″
9. 1937: 9.75″
10. 1969: 9.38″

So 2015 is running the 4th wettest. It looks to be dry the next few days before more thunderstorms and rain return, so 2015′s position may end up rising.

What are the wettest full summers of all time? A few of the above years went on to be in the top 10, but not all.
1. 1958: 22.02″
2. 1979: 20.92″
3. 1995: 19.85″
4. 2003: 19.39″
5. 1969: 19.09″
6. 1915: 18.92″
7. 1992: 18.44″
8. 1973: 17.81″
9. 1989: 17.45″
10. 1949: 16.54″

Summer 2015 needs about 6″ more to reach into the top 10 wettest summers, which at the current pace is more than possible.



How Big is the Columbus Police Force?



Columbus police force

Police departments nationally have been in the news quite a bit lately, but usually not for positive reasons. Excessive force, racism and even murder charges have been levied against police. While it is difficult to measure such incidents within individual departments, we can at least look at how big police departments are relative to a city’s population, and that’s what this post is about.

I looked at Columbus and its peers and Midwest counterparts to see where the Columbus police force ranked in terms of police presence within the city limits. Here is what I found.

Total Law Enforcement Officers, 2012
Chicago, IL: 12,766
Las Vegas, NV: 4,814
Jacksonville, FL: 2,972
Detroit, MI: 2,883
San Antonio, TX: 2,883
Milwaukee, WI: 2,577
Austin, TX: 2,252
Charlotte, NC: 2,196
Columbus: 2,138
Kansas City, MO: 1,869
St. Louis, MO: 1,866
Indianapolis, IN: 1,813
Cleveland: 1,709
Nashville, TN: 1,637
San Jose, CA: 1,435
Portland, OR: 1,195
Cincinnati: 1,113
Minneapolis, MN: 983
Virginia Beach, VA: 955
Pittsburgh, PA: 947
Omaha, NE: 943
Orlando, FL: 931
Sacramento, CA: 861
Wichita, KS: 821
Toledo: 674
Madison, WI: 555
Providence, RI: 517
Akron: 461
Dayton: 415
Youngstown: 196
Canton: 163

Law Enforcement per 10,000 Residents, 2012
1. St. Louis: 58.6
2. Chicago: 47.1
3. Cleveland: 43.4
4. Milwaukee: 43.0
5. Detroit: 40.8
6. Kansas City: 40.3
7. Orlando: 37.8
8. Cincinnati: 37.6
9. Jacksonville: 35.4
10. Las Vegas: 32.5
11. Pittsburgh: 30.3
12. Youngstown: 29.4
13. Dayton: 29.2
14. Providence: 29.1
15. Charlotte: 27.2
16. Austin: 27.0
17. Columbus: 26.8
18. Nashville: 26.4
19. Minneapolis: 25.2
20. Toledo: 23.6
21. Madison: 23.4
22. Akron: 23.2
23. Omaha: 22.6
24. Canton: 22.4
25. Indianapolis: 21.6
26. Virginia Beach: 21.3
27. Wichita: 21.2
28. San Antonio: 20.9
29. Portland: 20.0
30. Sacramento: 18.1
31. San Jose: 14.7

So now that we know the size of the police force in these places, does the size have a correlation to crime rates?

Here is the violent crime rate for the same year as these stats, 2012. The rank for police force per 10K people is listed beside the violent crime ranking.

Violent Crime Rate per 100K People and Law Enforcement Rank per 10K People
1. Detroit: 2,122.9 #5
2. St. Louis: 1,776.5 #1
3. Cleveland: 1,383.8 #3
4. Milwaukee: 1,294.5 #4
5. Kansas City: 1,263.2 #6
6. Nashville: 1,216 #18
7. Indianapolis: 1,185.5 #25
8. Toledo: 1,171.9 #20
9. Orlando: 1,017.4 #7
10. Minneapolis: 992.2 #19
11. Cincinnati: 974.7 #8
12. Dayton: 973.7 #13
13. Akron: 886.6 #22
14. Youngstown: 809.2 #12
15. Las Vegas: 784 #10
16. Pittsburgh: 752 #11
17. Wichita: 742.5 #27
18. Sacramento: 738.6 #30
19. Charlotte: 647.9 #15
20. Providence: 636.9 #14
21. Columbus: 630 #17
22. Jacksonville: 617.3 #9
23. Omaha: 594.5 #23
24. Portland: 517.2 #29
25. San Antonio: 503.1 #28
26. Austin: 408.8 #16
27. Madison: 377.7 #21
28. San Jose: 363.3 #31
29. Virginia Beach: 169.4 #26
30. Canton: 28.6 #24
Chicago: N/A

Based on the ranking above, which cities are getting the best bang for their police force? That would be cities with a larger police force ranking (by at least 2 spots) than violent crime ranking. These would include: Orlando, Cincinnati, Youngstown, Las Vegas, Pittsburgh, Charlotte, Providence, Columbus, Jacksonville, Austin, Madison, Virginia Beach and Canton.

On the opposite end, the cities with failing police levels vs. violent crime include those places with a higher violent crime ranking than police ranking (by at least 2 spots). Those are: Detroit, Nashville, Indianapolis, Toledo, Minneapolis, Akron, Wichita, Sacramento, Portland, San Antonio and San Jose.

Finally, the cities with violent crime ranked about where their police size is include St. Louis, Cleveland, Milwaukee, St. Louis, Kansas City, Dayton and Omaha.

So Columbus is in the best category. Its violent crime ranking is 4 spots lower than its law enforcement ranking size, meaning that police in Columbus are performing better than average. Let’s just hope they’re doing the right, legal thing when policing.

For more information and other cities, large and small, check out http://www.governing.com/topics/public-justice-safety/gov-cities-with-the-greatest-police-presence-most-officers-per-capita.html



2014 State GDP



New 2014 state GDP figures were recently released by the Bureau of Economic Analysis. Where does Ohio stand in comparison to other states?

First, let’s look at the top 20 states for total GDP in 2014.

2014 Total, in Millions
1. California: 2,311,616
2. Texas: 1,648,036
3. New York: 1,404,518
4. Florida: 839,944
5. Illinois: 745,875
6. Pennsylvania: 662,890
7. Ohio: 583,261
8. New Jersey: 549,099
9. North Carolina: 483,126
10. Georgia: 476,483
11. Virginia: 463,613
12. Massachusetts: 459,937
13. Michigan: 451,516
14. Washington: 427,052
15. Maryland: 348,631
16. Indiana: 317,840
17. Minnesota: 316,204
18. Colorado: 306,663
19. Tennessee: 300,604
20. Wisconsin: 292,891

Ohio maintained its 7th-place position through 2014.
Now let’s look at the 20 states that had the biggest increases.

Total GDP Growth in Millions 2013-2014
1. California: +98,625
2. Texas: +90,843
3. New York: +62,927
4. Florida: +39,247
5. Pennsylvania: +22,596
6. Illinois: +21,080
7. Ohio: +20,416
8. Georgia: +20,000
9. Washington: +19,892
10. Massachusetts: +18,470
11. Colorado: +18,325
12. Michigan: +16,842
13. North Carolina: +16,051
14. New Jersey: +11,703
15. Oregon: +10,810
16. Tennessee: +10,479
17. Arizona: +9,422
18. Maryland: +9,222
19. Minnesota: +8,934
20. Virginia: +8,629

So Ohio is growing at the same position as its overall ranking. No states below it are set to pass it anytime in the near future. In fact, the gap is widening from its nearest threats.

What about per-capita GDP, which is a measure of the state’s total GDP divided by its population?

Per-Capita GDP, in Dollars 2014
1. Alaska: 66,160
2. North Dakota: 65,225
3. New York: 64,818
4. Connecticut: 64,676
5. Wyoming: 64,309
6. Massachusetts: 63,005
7. Delaware: 60,551
8. New Jersey: 56,405
9. Washington: 55,298
10. California: 54,462
11. Texas: 54,433
12. Maryland: 53,759
13. Illinois: 52,827
14. Minnesota: 52,801
15. Nebraska: 52,724
16. Colorado: 52,214
17. Virginia: 51,338
18. Oregon: 51,329
19. New Hampshire: 49,951
20. Hawaii: 49,686

27. Ohio: 45,887

Ohio is in the bottom half. Not great, as it indicates that it’s actually underperforming in GDP given its population.

So there you have it, a quick 2014 GDP update. Other Ohio data can be found at the Ohio Demographics and Population page.

Winter 2014-2015 Review




Winter 2014-2015 Review Columbus, Ohio

The mid-November 2014 cold wave that kickstarted a historic winter.

The Winter 2014-2015 Review details the historic season, with its bouts of extreme cold and heavy snowfall occurring in all months except December.

Temperature and snowfall ranking data goes back to the winter of 1878-1879. Snow depth ranking data goes back to 1940.

December-February Only
Average High: 34.8 19th Coldest
Average Low: 19.3 14th Coldest
Mean: 27.1 15th Coldest
Precipitation: 7.27″ 57th Driest
Snowfall: 23.9″ 33rd Snowiest
Average Daily Snow Depth: 0.9″ 15th Highest
Largest Snowstorm: 6.8″ on February 21st
32 or Below Highs: 36 14th Most
32 or Below Lows: 76 13th Most
Measurable Precipitation Days: 36 12th Fewest
Measurable Snowfall Days: 15 11th Fewest
Deepest Snow Depth: 6″ on February 21st
Days with 1″+ Snow Depth: 30 16th Most

Entire Cold Season: October-April
Average High: 46.6 14th Coldest
Average Low: 29.4 14th Coldest
Mean: 38.0 14th Coldest
Precipitation: 19.51″ 67th Wettest
Snowfall: 33.4″ 28th Snowiest
Average Snow Depth: 0.6″ 7th Lowest
Largest Snowstorm: 6.8″ on February 21st
32 or Below Highs: 43 12th Most
32 or Below Lows: 116 17th Most
Measurable Precipitation Days: 89 16th Most
Measurable Snowfall Days: 22 13th Fewest
Deepest Snow Depth: 6″ on February 21st
Days with 1″+ Snow Depth: 45 8th Most

Average High By Month
October 2014: 63.4 32nd Coldest
November 2014: 45.7 9th Coldest
December 2014: 42.1 33rd Warmest
January 2015: 33.8 32nd Coldest
February 2015: 28.6 5th Coldest
March 2015: 47.6 37th Coldest
April 2015: 63.5 34th Warmest

Average Low By Month
October 2014: 45.4 37th Warmest
November 2014: 30.0 6th Coldest
December 2014: 29.9 19th Warmest
January 2015: 18.1 33rd Coldest
February 2015: 10.0 3rd Coldest
March 2015: 28.1 22nd Coldest
April 2015: 42.9 28th Warmest

Mean By Month
October 2014: 54.4 35th Coldest
November 2014: 37.9 7th Coldest
December 2014: 36.0 27th Warmest
January 2015: 26.0 31st Coldest
February 2015: 19.3 2nd Coldest
March 2015: 37.9 33rd Coldest
April 2015: 53.2 28th Warmest

Precipitation By Month
October 2014: 2.77″ 42nd Wettest
November 2014: 1.46″ 22nd Driest
December 2014: 2.70″ 63rd Driest
January 2015: 2.87″ 51st Wettest
February 2015: 1.70″ 45th Driest
March 2015: 3.92″ 45th Wettest
April 2015: 4.09″ 37th Wettest

Snowfall By Month
October 2014: Trace 2nd Least Snowy
November 2014: 4.1″ 15th Snowiest
December 2014: Trace 2nd Least Snowy
January 2015: 8.4″ 48th Snowiest
February 2015: 15.5″ 8th Snowiest
March 2015: 5.4″ 23rd Snowiest
April 2015: 0.0″ 1st Least Snowy

Average Snow Depth By Month
October 2014: 0″
November 2014: 0.4″
December 2014: 0″
January 2015: 0.8″
February 2015: 3.3″
March 2015: 1.1″
April 2015: 0″



Maximum High By Month
October 2014: 86 on the 2nd
November 2014: 69 on the 11th
December 2014: 61 on the 1st
January 2015: 59 on the 3rd
February 2015: 56 on the 8th
March 2015: 69 on the 16th
April 2015: 79 on the 13th and 18th

Minimum High By Month
October 2014: 49 on the 31st
November 2014: 19 on the 18th
December 2014: 26 on the 31st
January 2015: 13 on the 7th
February 2015: 8 on the 15th and 19th
March 2015: 23 on the 5th and 6th
April 2015: 50 on the 23rd

Minimum High Records
-The 33 on November 14th was a record for the day, beating the old record of 34 set in 1900, 1908, 1911 and 1916.
-The 19 on November 18th tied the record for the day set in 1904.
-The 8 on February 15th was a record for the day, beating the old record of 12 set in 1920.
-The 10 on February 16th was a record for the day, beating the old record of
-The 8 on February 19th was a record for the date, beating the old record of 10 set in 1885.
-The 18 on February 27th tied the record for the date set in 1888 and 1934.
-The 25 on February 28th was a record for the date, beating the old record of 26 set in 1986.

Maximum Low By Month
October 2014: 58 on the 13th and 14th
November 2014: 47 on the 4th
December 2014: 44 on the 23rd
January 2015: 34 on the 18th and 21st
February 2015: 41 on the 8th
March 2015: 43 on the 16th
April 2015: 57 on the 19th

Maximum Low Records
-The 54 on November 30th was a record for the date, beating the old record of 53 set in 1998 and 2006.

Minimum Low By Month
October 2014: 38 on the 4th, 26th and 31st
November 2014: 12 on the 18th
December 2014: 15 on the 15th
January 2015: -6 on the 8th
February 2015: -11 on the 24th
March 2015: 4 on the 6th
April 2015: 28 on the 24th

Minimum Low Records
-The -11 on February 24th was a record for the date, beating the old record of -1 set in 1914.
-The 0 on February 28th was a record for the date, beating the old record of 2 set in 1934.
-The 28 on April 24th tied the record for the date set in 1930.

Highest Daily Precipitation By Month
October 2014: 0.57″ on the 6th
November 2014: 0.39″ on the 17th
December 2014: 0.82″ on the 6th
January 2015: 1.46″ on the 3rd
February 2015: 0.55″ on the 1st
March 2015: 0.63″ on the 14th
April 2015: 0.66″ on the 2nd

Highest Daily Snowfall By Month
October 2014: Trace on the 4th
November 2014: 3.8″ on the 17th
December 2014: Trace on the 10th, 17th, 18th, 19th, 20th and 31st
January 2015: 3.7″ on the 6th
February 2015: 6.8″ on the 21st
March 2015: 3.6″ on the 1st
April 2015: 0.0″

Snowfall Records
-The 6.8″ on February 21st was a record for the day, beating the old record of 5.8″ set in 1893.
-The 3.6″ on March 1st was a record for the date, beating the old record of 3.5″ set in 1954.

Deepest Snow Depth By Month
October 2014: 0″
November 2014: 3″ on the 18th and 19th
December 2014: 0″
January 2015: 3″ on the 6th, 7th and 9th
February 2015: 6″ on the 21st
March 2015: 6″ on the 1st and 2nd
April 2015: 0″

For more winter records and local weather information, visit the following links.
Winter Season Records
Wilmington National Weather Service