Here you can find daily weather records for Columbus on temperature and precipitation back to 1878. These records are updated once per year.
**Last Updated: 2/4/2024- Updated through 2023 and expanded snow data.
Temperature Records
Cold Records
Top 15 Coldest Daily Highs
1. 2/9/1899: -7
2. 1/20/1985: -5
3. 1/3/1879, 1/10/1982: -4
4. 1/15/1893: -3
5. 2/8/1895, 1/17/1977: -2
6. 1/6/1884, 2/10/1899, 1/8/1970, 1/19/1994: -1
7. 1/5/1884, 1/12/1895, 1/17/1982, 1/21/1984, 1/18/1994: 0
8. 12/19/1880, 12/25/1983: 1
9. 12/30/1880, 1/10/1886, 2/11/1899, 1/19/1940, 1/10/1962, 1/15/1994: 2
10. 2/7/1895, 1/25/1897, 1/24/1963, 1/18/1977: 3
11. 1/4/1879, 1/11/1886, 2/12/1899, 2/4/1912, 12/9/1917, 12/10/1917, 1/21/1924, 1/23/1936, 2/2/1951, 12/24/1983, 12/22/1989, 1/16/2009: 4
12. 2/6/1895, 1/5/1912, 1/30/1966: 5
13. 1/10/1893, 1/12/1903, 1/17/1912, 2/9/1933, 1/29/1966, 1/9/1970, 1/15/1972, 1/29/1977, 1/11/1982, 2/3/1996, 1/28/2014: 6
14. 1/5/1879, 2/11/1885, 2/20/1885, 1/12/1886, 2/4/1886, 1/28/1897, 2/13/1899, 2/2/1905, 2/5/1917, 12/27/1925, 1/8/1942, 12/16/1951, 1/11/1977, 1/10/1978, 1/4/1981, 1/20/1984: 7
15. 12/28/1880, 1/4/1896, 1/31/1899, 1/6/1912, 1/1/1928, 1/28/1966, 1/16/1972, 1/12/1977, 12/1989, 12/22/2000, 2/15/2015, 2/19/2015: 8
Top 15 Coldest Daily Lows
1. 1/19/1994: -22
2. 1/3/1879, 1/6/1884, 2/10/1899: -20
3. 1/17/1977, 1/20/1985: -19
4. 2/9/1899, 12/22/1989, 1/18/1994: -17
5. 1/5/1884, 1/22/1936, 1/17/1982, 1/21/1984, 1/21/1985: -16
6. 1/25/1884, 1/23/1936, 1/24/1963, 1/28/1963, 1/21/1994: -15
7. 12/27/1950, 12/16/1951, 1/23/1963, 1/14/1964, 1/13/1977, 12/23/1989: -14
8. 1/2/1879, 2/13/1899, 1/12/1918, 1/28/1948, 2/2/1951, 1/25/1961, 1/29/1963, 1/16/1977, 2/8/1977: -13
9. 12/30/1880, 1/15/1893, 1/25/1948, 1/16/1972, 12/24/1983, 12/25/1983, 12/17/1989: -12
10. 2/11/1885, 1/11/1886, 1/19/1940, 2/27/1963, 1/17/1965, 2/6/1977, 1/10/1982, 1/16/1982, 12/24/1989, 1/17/2009, 1/28/2014, 2/24/2015: -11
11. 1/4/1879, 12/29/1880, 2/10/1885, 1/25/1897, 1/20/1918, 2/5/1918, 2/9/1948, 12/28/1950, 2/3/1951, 12/17/1951, 2/26/1963, 12/20/1963, 2/3/1985, 12/21/1989, 1/16/2009: -10
12. 2/20/1885, 1/10/1886, 1/26/1897, 12/11/1917, 1/24/1936, 1/26/1948, 1/10/1962, 1/24/1966, 1/8/1968, 1/15/1972, 1/29/1977, 2/4/1985, 1/20/1994, 1/29/2014: -9
13. 1/26/1884, 12/19/1884, 1/22/1885, 2/21/1885, 1/12/1886, 1/12/1895, 2/8/1895, 2/11/1899, 1/4/1904, 2/14/1905, 2/5/1917, 2/12/1917, 12/9/1917, 12/10/1917, 12/30/1917, 1/6/1924, 1/18/1930, 1/23/1930, 2/9/1934, 1/27/1936, 12/10/1958, 12/11/1958, 2/22/1963, 12/21/1963, 1/12/1977, 1/18/1977, 1/28/1977, 1/16/1994, 2/20/2015: -8
14. 12/24/1878, 1/11/1893, 1/13/1895, 2/8/1899, 2/25/1900, 12/21/1901, 2/13/1905, 2/10/1912, 2/4/1917, 2/4/1918, 1/5/1924, 2/18/1936, 1/8/1942, 1/28/1955, 1/17/1957, 12/13/1960, 2/4/1965, 1/22/1978, 1/23/1978, 2/17/1979, 2/10/1982, 1/20/1984, 2/9/1985, 12/16/1989, 12/18/1989, 1/6/2014, 1/7/2014, 12/23/2022: -7
15. 1/5/1879, 1/20/1893, 2/12/1899, 12/16/1901, 2/2/1905, 2/3/1905, 1/13/1918, 1/21/1918, 12/27/1925, 2/9/1933, 2/19/1936, 1/27/1955, 1/5/1959, 12/22/1960, 1/25/1963, 1/1/1968, 1/8/1970, 2/8/1972, 1/23/1977, 2/6/1979, 2/10/1979, 1/11/1982, 3/9/1984, 1/15/1994, 1/31/2004, 1/15/2009, 1/8/2015: -6
Top 15 Coldest Daily Means
1. 1/3/1879, 2/9/1899, 1/20/1985: -12
2. 1/19/1994: -11.5
3. 1/6/1884, 2/10/1899, 1/17/1977: -10.5
4. 1/18/1994: -8.5
5. 1/5/1884, 1/17/1982, 1/21/1984: -8.0
6. 1/15/1893, 1/10/1982: -7.5
7. 12/22/1989: -6.5
8. 1/24/1963: -6.0
9. 1/23/1936, 12/25/1983: -5.5
10. 12/30/1880, 2/8/1895: -5.0
11. 12/29/1880, 1/19/1940, 2/2/1951: -4.5
12. 1/12/1895, 12/24/1983: -4.0
13. 1/10/1886, 1/11/1886, 1/25/1897, 12/16/1951, 1/10/1962, 1/8/1970: -3.5
14. 1/4/1879, 2/11/1899, 2/13/1899, 1/16/2009: -3.0
15. 1/28/1963, 1/18/1977, 1/21/1985, 1/28/2014: -2.5
Heat Records
Top 10 Warmest Daily Highs
1. 7/21/1934, 7/14/1936: 106
2. 7/9/1936: 105
3. 7/22/1901, 7/4/1911, 7/25/1934, 7/11/1936, 7/14/1954: 104
4. 7/10/1881, 8/5/1918, 7/22/1934, 7/12/1936: 103
5. 7/12/1881, 7/4/1897, 8/6/1918, 7/24/1934, 7/26/1934, 7/8/1936, 7/27/1936, 6/28/1944: 102
6. 7/9/1881, 7/3/1897, 7/3/1911, 7/20/1930, 6/28/1934, 7/20/1934, 7/10/1936, 7/13/1936, 8/19/1936, 6/27/1944, 8/20/1983, 6/25/1988, 7/6/2012, 7/7/2012: 101
7. 7/7/1881, 7/8/1881, 7/3/1898, 7/27/1901, 7/12/1914, 6/29/1934, 7/26/1941, 7/27/1941, 7/11/1944, 8/27/1948, 6/26/1952, 7/28/1952, 8/30/1953, 9/2/1953, 7/27/1955, 8/3/1955, 7/7/1988, 7/8/1988, 7/9/1988, 7/15/1988, 7/16/1988, 7/31/1999, 6/28/2012, 7/4/2012: 100
8. 7/18/1887, 6/3/1895, 6/30/1901, 7/21/1901, 7/21/1930, 7/28/1930, 9/1/1932, 7/22/1933, 7/23/1933, 8/21/1936, 7/30/1940, 6/18/1944, 6/29/1952, 9/1/1953, 9/3/1953, 9/5/1954, 9/6/1954, 8/4/1955, 8/19/1955, 8/20/1955, 8/25/1959, 8/2/1991: 99
9. 7/6/1881, 8/5/1881, 9/6/1881, 7/28/1887, 7/2/1898, 9/5/1899, 7/30/1887, 7/1/1901, 7/28/1901, 6/10/1911, 7/2/1911, 8/10/1911, 6/30/1913, 7/27/1916, 8/7/1918, 7/21/1926, 7/19/1930, 8/9/1930, 7/16/1931, 6/8/1933, 7/17/1936, 8/13/1936, 8/22/1936, 9/7/1939, 9/8/1939, 9/14/1939, 7/29/1940, 7/17/1942, 8/10/1944, 8/26/1948, 8/31/1951, 6/25/1952, 6/30/1953, 7/1/1953, 8/29/1953, 8/31/1953, 8/2/1955, 8/21/1955, 7/20/1957, 8/2/1964, 6/21/1988, 6/18/1994, 6/19/1994, 7/30/1999, 6/29/2012, 7/5/2012, 7/17/2012: 98
10. 7/13/1880, 7/4/1881, 7/12/1881, 9/5/1881, 7/20/1885, 8/4/1887, 6/20/1888, 6/22/1888, 7/25/1892, 7/18/1894, 6/4/1895, 7/19/1895, 9/19/1895, 9/20/1895, 9/14/1897, 9/15/1897, 9/7/1899, 7/15/1900, 7/24/1901, 7/26/1901, 7/29/1901, 7/5/1911, 7/1/1913, 7/30/1913, 6/24/1914, 7/23/1914, 7/4/1919, 7/20/1926, 7/25/1930, 8/4/1930, 7/2/1931, 6/21/1933, 7/21/1933, 6/17/1936, 7/26/1936, 9/15/1939, 7/26/1940, 7/27/1940, 6/28/1941, 7/28/1941, 7/30/1941, 7/10/1946, 8/28/1948, 7/23/1952, 7/26/1952, 7/29/1953, 6/26/1954, 7/3/1955, 8/1/1955, 8/6/1955, 6/17/1957, 7/19/1957, 8/3/1963, 7/24/1965, 7/2/1966, 7/3/1966, 7/15/1980, 7/20/1980, 7/21/1983, 6/22/1988, 7/6/1988, 8/17/1988, 7/22/1991, 6/17/1994, 6/20/1994, 7/14/1995, 7/15/1995, 9/6/1998, 7/25/2005, 8/13/2005, 8/9/2007, 7/21/2011, 7/22/2011, 9/2/2011, 9/3/2011, 8/31/2012, 7/6/2020, 7/7/2020, 6/22/2022: 97
Top 10 Warmest Daily Lows
1. 7/10/1881: 82
2. 7/9/1881, 7/21/1934: 80
3. 7/4/1911, 7/21/1930, 7/22/1934, 7/30/1999: 79
4. 7/11/1881, 7/12/1881, 7/16/1887, 7/20/1930, 7/25/1934, 7/9/1936, 7/10/1936, 7/18/1942, 7/31/1999, 7/24/2010: 78
5. 7/12/1878, 7/18/1878, 7/3/1879, 7/15/1880, 8/27/1880, 7/7/1881, 7/17/1887, 7/6/1911, 6/9/1914, 8/6/1916, 8/6/1918, 8/7/1918, 7/6/1921, 7/11/1922, 7/1/1931, 6/29/1934, 7/13/1936, 7/22/1940, 7/26/1940, 6/28/1944, 7/16/1980, 7/5/1999, 7/28/2011, 8/12/2016, 6/15/2022: 77
6. 6/25/1879, 7/15/1879, 7/16/1879, 6/12/1880, 7/14/1880, 8/28/1880, 7/8/1881, 7/21/1885, 7/28/1901, 8/5/1918, 8/11/1918, 7/8/1921, 6/30/1927, 7/6/1931, 7/30/1931, 7/23/1933, 7/26/1934, 7/14/1936, 7/15/1936, 8/22/1936, 7/1/1941, 7/27/1941, 7/20/1942, 6/29/1944, 8/12/1947, 8/19/1947, 7/20/1977, 7/17/1988, 7/22/1991, 8/7/2007, 8/8/2007, 8/9/2007, 6/7/2008, 7/23/2010, 7/7/2012, 7/23/2012, 7/18/2013, 7/25/2016, 8/11/2016, 6/16/2022, 7/27/2023: 76
7. 7/13/1878, 7/19/1878, 7/2/1879, 5/26/1880, 7/12/1880, 9/1/1880, 9/2/1880, 7/6/1881, 7/13/1881, 8/30/1881, 7/24/1884, 7/7/1893, 7/14/1893, 7/26/1893, 7/3/1898, 9/6/1899, 7/4/1900, 7/5/1900, 7/27/1901, 7/29/1901, 7/3/1911, 7/5/1911, 6/28/1913, 6/10/1914, 7/31/1917, 8/1/1917, 8/14/1918, 8/5/1924, 6/5/1925, 7/19/1930, 7/28/1930, 7/14/1932, 7/16/1932, 7/20/1932, 6/8/1933, 7/31/1933, 6/28/1934, 7/18/1936, 8/16/1936, 8/21/1936, 8/10/1938, 8/16/1938, 6/17/1939, 7/23/1940, 7/27/1940, 7/29/1940, 7/30/1940, 7/26/1941, 7/28/1941, 7/19/1942, 6/18/1944, 7/11/1944, 6/27/1969, 7/24/1975, 8/22/1975, 8/1/1980, 7/9/1981, 7/20/1986, 8/9/1987, 7/7/1991, 7/15/1995, 8/13/1995, 8/16/1995, 7/4/1999, 8/1/1999, 7/24/2001, 8/8/2001, 8/10/2001, 7/22/2002, 7/28/2002, 8/1/2006, 8/2/2006, 8/3/2006, 7/20/2008, 7/19/2011, 7/22/2011, 7/17/2012, 7/15/2013, 7/17/2013, 7/19/2013, 9/10/2013, 8/10/2016, 8/13/2016, 7/15/2018, 7/11/2019, 7/20/2019: 75
8. 7/10/1878, 7/4/1879, 6/11/1880, 6/24/1880, 7/13/1880, 8/25/1880, 8/31/1880, 9/4/1880, 7/14/1881, 8/31/1881, 9/9/1881, 7/31/1887, 6/25/1890, 7/8/1890, 8/1/1890, 8/4/1890, 6/16/1891, 7/25/1892, 9/19/1895, 9/21/1895, 7/4/1897, 7/9/1897, 8/23/1898, 7/6/1900, 6/28/1901, 6/30/1901, 7/3/1901, 7/3/1903, 6/27/1913, 7/29/1913, 7/30/1913, 6/25/1914, 8/7/1914, 7/28/1916, 8/5/1916, 8/7/1916, 8/11/1916, 7/30/1917, 7/28/1919, 6/27/1921, 7/4/1921, 7/5/1921, 7/7/1921, 7/20/1926, 8/5/1926, 9/14/1927, 6/24/1930, 8/2/1931, 9/22/1931, 7/31/1932, 6/28/1933, 7/22/1933, 7/5/1934, 7/20/1934, 7/23/1934, 7/12/1936, 7/26/1936, 8/13/1936, 8/14/1936, 9/13/1936, 7/9/1937, 9/1/1937, 9/2/1937, 9/3/1937, 8/15/1938, 7/6/1939, 7/7/1939, 9/15/1939, 7/25/1940, 7/28/1940, 8/12/1940, 6/27/1941, 7/29/1941, 6/13/1943, 9/4/1943, 8/3/1944, 8/5/1944, 8/11/1944, 8/13/1947, 8/16/1947, 8/20/1947, 8/24/1947, 8/25/1947, 7/27/1955, 6/28/1959, 8/3/1960, 8/29/1960, 7/23/1961, 7/18/1968, 7/2/1970, 7/15/1970, 7/19/1974, 8/25/1975, 7/11/1976, 7/19/1977, 7/22/1978, 8/9/1980, 7/16/1988, 7/21/1991, 7/6/1993, 7/6/1994, 8/14/1995, 6/25/1998, 7/21/1998, 9/15/1998, 6/27/1999, 7/22/1999, 7/12/2005, 8/13/2006, 8/6/2007, 7/18/2011, 7/21/2011, 8/6/2011, 7/8/2012, 8/5/2012, 9/1/2012, 9/11/2013, 7/24/2016, 7/26/2016, 6/13/2017, 6/19/2018, 7/2/2018, 7/6/2019, 7/27/2020, 8/16/2020: 74
9. 7/7/1878, 7/8/1878, 7/9/1878, 7/15/1878, 7/20/1878, 8/29/1880, 8/30/1880, 9/3/1880, 6/17/1881, 8/4/1881, 9/6/1881, 9/7/1881, 6/28/1882, 8/7/1882, 7/4/1883, 6/23/1884, 6/24/1884, 7/25/1885, 7/30/1885, 6/17/1887, 6/18/1887, 7/1/1887, 6/21/1888, 7/11/1889, 7/15/1890, 8/3/1890, 7/26/1892, 7/28/1892, 6/1/1895, 6/30/1893, 6/1/1895, 7/20/1895, 6/30/1897, 7/8/1897, 7/10/1897, 7/2/1898, 7/24/1898, 9/2/1898, 9/3/1898, 6/6/1899, 7/6/1901, 7/15/1901, 7/25/1901, 7/3/1902, 7/4/1902, 8/25/1903, 7/19/1904, 7/18/1905, 8/9/2020, 9/27/2020, 6/20/2021, 6/26/2021, 6/27/2021, 6/26/2022, 8/7/2022, 7/1/2023: 73
10. 7/2/1878, 7/21/1878, 6/26/1879, 6/27/1879, 7/7/1879, 7/8/1879, 7/14/1879, 6/25/1880, 7/9/1880, 7/16/1880, 8/24/1880, 5/13/1881, 6/27/1881, 7/15/1881, 7/16/1881, 8/5/1881, 8/10/1881, 8/13/1881, 7/1/1882, 7/5/1883, 7/6/1883, 6/30/1884, 9/10/1884, 10/3/1884, 7/9/1885, 7/17/1885, 7/22/1885, 7/26/1885, 7/31/1885, 8/9/1885, 8/13/1885, 8/24/1885, 7/15/1887, 8/1/1887, 8/11/1887, 7/5/1888, 7/7/1888, 8/1/1888, 8/4/1888, 7/10/1889, 7/16/1890, 8/9/1891, 8/20/1891, 8/21/1891, 6/16/1892, 6/17/1892, 6/23/1892, 7/23/1892, 7/24/1892, 7/27/1892, 8/10/1892, 9/15/1893, 7/20/1894, 8/9/1894, 9/8/1894, 9/9/1894, 8/11/1895, 8/17/1895, 6/26/1896, 7/14/1896, 7/1/1897, 7/3/1897, 7/5/1897, 8/3/1897, 6/12/1898, 7/1/1898, 9/4/1898, 6/7/1899, 7/4/1899, 7/24/1899, 8/21/1899, 6/28/1900, 8/6/1900, 7/16/1901, 7/22/1901, 7/26/1901, 8/17/1901, 7/5/1902, 7/6/1902, 8/24/1903, 6/18/1905, 8/23/1905, 6/29/1906, 8/25/1906, 8/26/1906, 7/13/1908, 8/9/1909, 8/19/2020, 8/20/2020, 8/27/2020, 6/30/2021, 7/12/2021, 7/13/2021, 7/25/2021, 8/11/2021, 8/12/2021, 8/29/2021, 7/1/2022, 7/21/2022, 7/24/2022, 8/8/2022, 8/9/2022, 7/13/2023, 7/28/2023, 8/25/2023: 72
Top 10 Warmest Daily Means
1. 7/21/1934: 93.0
2. 7/10/1881: 92.5
3. 7/4/1911, 7/9/1936: 91.5
4. 7/22/1934, 7/25/1934, 7/14/1936: 91.0
5. 7/9/1881: 90.5
6. 7/12/1881: 90.0
7. 8/5/1918, 8/6/1918, 7/20/1930, 7/10/1936, 6/28/1944: 89.5
8. 7/21/1930, 7/26/1934, 7/13/1936, 7/31/1999: 89.0
9. 7/7/1881, 7/17/1887, 7/4/1897, 6/29/1934, 7/11/1936, 7/12/1936, 7/30/1999, 7/7/2012: 88.5
10. 7/8/1881, 7/22/1901, 7/3/1911, 6/28/1934, 7/27/1941: 88.0
Precipitation Records
Top 15 Days with the Most Precipitation
1. 7/13/1992: 5.13″
2. 1/21/1959: 4.79″
3. 7/11/1897: 3.76″
4. 7/6/2022: 3.70″
5. 8/11/1915: 3.60″
6. 9/12/1938: 3.59″
7. 3/9/1964: 3.40″
8. 7/15/1947: 3.39″
9. 3/4/1964: 3.25″
10. 8/5/1995: 3.17″
11. 7/13/2017: 3.11″
12. 7/23/2002: 3.06″
13. 7/24/1896: 3.01″
14. 6/27/1932: 2.90″
15. 3/25/1913, 7/1/1993, 6/11/2004, 3/20/2020: 2.89″
Top 15 Days with the Most Snowfall
1. 3/8/2008: 15.5″
2. 4/4/1987: 12.3″
3. 1/6/1910: 11.9″
4. 2/15/2010: 9.7″
5. 3/19/1906: 9.6″
6. 2/5/2010: 9.0″
7. 2/8/1971, 2/16/2003: 8.9″
8. 1/7/1996: 8.8″
9. 3/5/1962: 8.6″
10. 1/8/1884: 8.5″
11. 2/16/1910: 8.2″
12. 12/3/1957: 7.9″
13. 2/28/1984, 3/9/1999: 7.2″
14. 2/4/2014: 7.1″
15. 12/25/1890: 7.0″
Top 10 Days with the Deepest Snow Depth 1940-2023
1. 3/9/2008: 18″
2. 1/21/1978, 1/22/1978, 1/23/1978: 17″
3. 1/20/1978: 15″
4. 1/24/1978, 2/16/2010, 2/17/2010: 14″
5. 11/28/1950, 2/5/1977, 2/6/1977, 2/7/1977, 2/19/1979, 2/20/1979, 1/8/1999, 2/17/2003, 2/18/2010: 13″
6. 11/27/1950, 11/29/1950, 1/29/1977, 1/30/1977, 1/31/1977, 2/1/1977, 2/2/1977, 1/18/1978, 2/13/1979, 2/14/1979, 1/8/1996, 1/9/1999, 1/10/1999, 1/11/1999, 1/12/1999, 2/18/2003, 3/10/2008: 12″
7. 11/26/1950, 1/25/1977, 1/26/1977, 1/27/1977, 1/28/1977, 2/3/1977, 2/8/1977, 2/9/1977, 1/19/1978, 2/15/1979, 2/16/1979, 2/21/1979, 2/13/1985, 2/14/1985, 2/15/1985, 2/16/1985, 1/9/1996, 1/10/1996, 1/12/1996, 1/13/1996, 1/14/1996, 2/19/2003, 2/19/2010: 11″
8. 11/30/1950, 12/21/1960, 12/22/1960, 12/23/1960, 12/24/1960, 1/15/1968, 2/9/1971, 1/15/1977, 1/17/1978, 2/17/1979, 2/18/1979, 1/26/1985, 2/17/1985, 4/5/1987, 2/20/2003, 3/8/2008, 2/10/2010: 10″
9. 11/25/1950, 12/18/1951, 12/19/1951, 12/25/1960, 3/6/1962, 1/20/1977, 1/21/1977, 1/22/1977, 1/23/1977, 1/24/1977, 2/4/1977, 2/10/1977, 2/29/1984, 3/1/1984, 3/2/1984, 1/19/1985, 1/27/1985, 2/18/1985, 1/18/1994, 1/19/1994, 1/20/1994, 1/21/1994, 2/22/1994, 1/11/1996, 2/4/2000, 2/5/2000, 2/6/2000, 2/11/2010, 2/12/2010, 1/1/2013: 9″
10. 11/1/1950, 2/2/1966, 2/3/1966, 2/4/1966, 2/5/1966, 1/16/1968, 2/10/1971, 1/10/1977, 1/11/1977, 1/12/1977, 1/13/1977, 1/17/1977, 1/18/1977, 1/20/1985, 1/21/1985, 1/22/1985, 1/23/1985, 1/24/1985, 1/25/1985, 2/3/1985, 2/4/1985, 2/5/1985, 1/17/1994, 1/23/1994, 1/15/1996, 1/16/1996, 2/21/2003, 1/30/2009, 1/31/2009, 2/20/2010, 12/30/2012: 8″
Top 10 Days with the Highest Wind Gust
**Coming Soon**
Columbus Weather History provides links that give a deeper look at all sorts of weather history and records in the local area, while the Wilmington National Weather Service is a good source for current weather information.
